-
1 пароотводяшая труба
пароотводяшая труба
Труба, соединяющая верхний коллектор экрана с барабаном котла, либо паровые отсеки барабана с входным коллектором пароперегревателя
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > пароотводяшая труба
-
2 пароотводящая труба
пароотводящая труба
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > пароотводящая труба
-
3 пароотводящая труба
1) Naval: steam discharge pipe, steam escape pipe2) Engineering: steam outlet pipe3) Automation: steam tube (напр. котла)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пароотводящая труба
-
4 пароотводная трубка
1) Military: (кожуха пулемёта) steam tube, (кожуха пулемёта) steam-condensing device2) Engineering: steam-outlet pipe, vapor delivery tube (перегонной колбы), vapor tube (перегонной колбы)3) Oil: vapor delivery tube (нефтеперегонной колбы), vapour delivery tube4) Arms production: steam tube (кожуха ствола)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пароотводная трубка
-
5 труба
conduit, duct, pipe, tube* * *труба́ ж.
(для транспортировки и т. п.) pipe; ( собирательно) piping; (в различных системах, в теплообменниках и котлах, в машиностроении) tube; ( собирательно) tubingгнуть трубу́ — bend a pipe [a tube]плю́щить трубу́ — flatten a pipe [a tube]разда́ть трубу́ — expand a pipe [a tube]сва́ривать тру́бы — weld pipes [tubes]труба́ смина́ется — a pipe [a tube] collapsesсоединя́ть тру́бы — join pipes [tubes]тяну́ть тру́бы — draw pipes [tubes]фланжи́ровать [фланцева́ть] трубу́ — flange the ends of a pipe [a tube]асбоцеме́нтная труба́ — asbestos-cement pipeаэродинами́ческая труба́ — wind [aerodynamic] tunnel, (air) tunnelпродува́ть в аэродинами́ческой трубе́ — test smth. in a wind tunnel, subject smth. to wind-tunnel testingбезнапо́рная труба́ — nonpressure pipeтруба́ без наре́зки — bare pipeбесшо́вная труба́ — seamless pipeбури́льная труба́ — drill pipeопуска́ть бури́льную трубу́ ( в скважину) — run a drill pipe in (a borehole)поднима́ть бури́льную трубу́ ( из скважины) — pull a drill pipe out (of a borehole)вентиляцио́нная труба́ — vent tube, ventilation [air] duct, air conduitтруба́ Венту́ри — Venturi tubeвестова́я труба́ — vent pipeвихрева́я труба́ тепл. — vortex tubeводонапо́рная труба́ — pressure-water pipeводоопускна́я труба́ — downcomerводоотво́дная труба́ — drain-pipeводоперепускна́я труба́ — water circulatorводопрово́дная труба́ — water-supply pipeводопропускна́я труба́ — pipe culvertводосто́чная труба́ — drain-pipeвоздуходу́вная труба́ — blast pipeвозду́шная, кольцева́я труба́ ( доменной печи) — bustle pipeволни́стая труба́ — corrugated pipeволочё́ная труба́ — drawn pipeвпускна́я труба́ — intake [inlet, admission] pipeвса́сывающая труба́ — suction pipeвыпускна́я труба́ — exhaust [outlet] pipe, exhaust stackвыхлопна́я труба́ — exhaust [outlet] pipe, exhaust stackвыхлопна́я труба́ реакти́вного дви́гателя — jetpipeга́зовая труба́ — gas pipeгельмпорто́вая труба́ — rudder tube, rudder wellгидродинами́ческая труба́ — water tunnelглазуро́ванная труба́ — glazed pipeтруба́ глуши́теля — muffler pipeгорячека́таная труба́ — hot-rolled pipeгорячетя́нутая труба́ — hot-drawn pipeдейдву́дная труба́ мор. — stern tubeтруба́ для подво́дного бетони́рования — tremie pipeдрена́жная труба́ — drain-pipeдымова́я труба́ — chimney, chimney [smoke] stack; ( на судне) (smoke) funnel, smoke stackдымова́я труба́ воздухонагрева́теля — stove chimneyдымога́рная труба́ — fire [smoke] tubeжарова́я труба́ ( парового котла) — flue [furnace] tube; flame tubeжелезобето́нная труба́ — reinforced-concrete pipeзабо́рная труба́ — intake pipeзагру́зочная труба́ — charging [feeding] pipeзри́тельная труба́ (в геодезических и др. инструментах) — telescopeзри́тельная труба́ наведена́ на ве́ху А — the telescope sights stake Aнаводи́ть зри́тельную трубу́ на ве́ху С — sight the telescope to stake Cзри́тельная, веду́щая труба́ — guiding telescopeзри́тельная, перекладна́я труба́ — reversible telescopeтруба́ ка́бельной канализа́ции — cable ductтруба́ ка́бельной канализа́ции, бло́чная — multiple (cable) ductтруба́ ка́бельной канализа́ции, одино́чная — single (cable) ductтруба́ ка́бельной канализа́ции, паке́тная — multiway (cable) ductкавитацио́нная труба́ — cavitation tunnelканализацио́нная труба́ — sewer pipeка́таная труба́ — rolled pipeкерами́ческая труба́ — earthenware [stone-ware] duct, clay conduitкипяти́льная труба́ — steam-generating [steaming] tubeклё́паная труба́ — rivet(t)ed pipeколле́кторная труба́ — manifold pipeколо́нковая труба́ — core barrelкомпенсацио́нная труба́ — expansion pipeконтро́льная труба́ — tell-tale pipeлита́я труба́ — cast pipeмашинострои́тельная труба́ — mechanical tubingметалли́ческая труба́ — metal pipeнапо́рная труба́ — pressure pipeнасо́сно-компре́ссорная труба́ ( для скважин) — tubing stringобводна́я труба́ — by-pass pipeобра́тная труба́ — return pipeотводна́я труба́ ( внутренней канализации) — soil [waste] stackотводя́щая труба́ — outlet [discharge] tubeотса́сывающая труба́ ( гидротурбины) — брит. draught tube; амер. draft tubeотса́сывающая, изо́гнутая труба́ — elbow-type draught tubeпарова́я труба́ — steam pipeперебро́сная труба́ — crossover pipe, upflow tubeперегово́рная труба́ — speaking [voice] tubeпереливна́я труба́ — overflow pipeперехо́дная труба́ — reducing pipeпла́менная труба́ — flame tubeпогру́женная труба́ — immersion [drowned] pipeподзо́рная труба́ — spy-glassприто́чная труба́ — influent pipeпроду́вочная труба́ — blow-off tubeпролё́тная труба́ ( клистрона) — drift tubeпромывна́я труба́ — wash [flushing] pipeпылеотводна́я труба́ — dust trunkразводна́я труба́ — circulation [distribution] pipeрастру́бная труба́ — inserted-joint pipeребри́стая труба́ — finned tubeсварна́я труба́ — welded pipeсифо́нная труба́ — siphon pipeтруба́ сква́жины, обса́дная — casingсмывна́я труба́ — flushing pipeтруба́ со швом — seam pipeспускна́я труба́ — discharge [outlet] pipe; blow-off pipeтруба́ с резьбо́й — threaded pipeстальна́я труба́ — steel pipeтолстосте́нная труба́ — thick-walled tubeтонкосте́нная труба́ — thin-walled tubeтранспорти́рующая труба́ — conveying pipeфа́новая труба́ — sewage pipeфасо́нные тру́бы — shaped tubing, shaped [non-circular section] tubesфла́нцевая труба́ — flanged pipeхолоди́льная труба́ — refrigeration pipeхолоднока́таная труба́ — cold-rolled pipeхолоднотя́нутая труба́ — cold-drawn pipeцельноко́ваная труба́ — forged pipeцепна́я труба́ — chain (locker) pipeциркуляцио́нная труба́ — circulating pipe; ( в выпарном аппарате) downcomerчугу́нная труба́ — cast-iron pipeшла́мовая труба́ — wash pipeэкра́нная труба́ — water-wall tubeя́корная труба́ — hawse pipe -
6 выхлопная труба
1) Aviation: tail pipe2) Naval: blast air pipe3) Military: (глушителя) exhaust pipe, (глушителя) muffler tail pipe4) Engineering: chimney, exhaust, exhaust pipe group, exhauster, exit flue, fume exhauster, outer exhaust cone, relief pipe (трансформатора), tail exhaust pipe, pipe steam outlet5) Construction: gas vent6) Railway term: exhaust piping7) Automobile industry: discharge leader, eduction pipe, (выпускная) exhaust, exhaust pipe, outtake, pipe, tail pipe (за глушителем), tailpipe8) Oil: outlet pipe, stack, vent pipe9) Astronautics: blast pipe, blast tube, exhaust duct, exhaust port, exhaust-deflection duct, jet pipe, scupper10) Mechanics: exhaust tube11) Ecology: exhaust stack, outlet tube12) Polymers: flue pipe14) Caspian: exhaust tower -
7 труба
f—FRA canalisation f d’eau de condensationDEU Kondensatleitung fITA canalizzazione f dell'acqua di condensaPLN przewód m do odprowadzania skroplinRUS труба f для отвода конденсатасм. поз. 2553 на—FRA conduite f d’aérationDEU Belüftungsrohr nENG ventilation pipeITA tubo m d'uscita dell'aria (fredda)PLN rura f powietrznaRUS труба f для подвода воздухасм. поз. 2225 натруба для удаления избытка топлива и газа
—FRA tubulure f de trop-plein de combustible et de dégazageDEU Brennstoffüberlauf m und Entlüftung fITA tubo m di scarico dell'eccesso di combustibile e di gasPLN rura f przelewowa i wentylacyjnaRUS труба f для удаления избытка топлива и газасм. поз. 2402 натруба подводящая пар к регулятору
—FRA conduite f de régulateurDEU Leitung f zum Regler mENG regulator pipeITA condotta f del regolatorePLN przewód m regulatoraRUS труба f подводящая пар к регуляторусм. поз. 2224 на—FRA tube m de chauffageDEU Heizungsrohr nENG heating pipeITA tubo m riscaldantePLN rura f grzejnikaRUS труба f радиаторасм. поз. 2242 на—FRA tube m support de palierDEU Rohrträger m für Lager nITA tubo m supporto dei cuscinettiPLN tuleja f odstępowa między łożyskamiRUS труба f с подшипникамисм. поз. 2530 натруба, водоналивная
—FRA tuyau m de remplissageDEU Fülleitung fENG filling pipeITA tubo m di carico (dell'acqua)PLN przewód m do napełnianiaRUS труба f, водоналивнаясм. поз. 1903 на,
труба, водоотделительная
—FRA tube m de séparateurENG separator pipeITA tubo m separatorePLN rura f rozdzielczaRUS труба f, водоотделительнаясм. поз. 2289 натруба, воздушная
—FRA tuyau m d’éventENG ventilation pipeITA tubo m di sfiatoPLN rura f wywietrznikaRUS труба f, воздушнаясм. поз. 1902 натруба, впускная
—FRA tuyau m d’arrivée du radiateurDEU Einströmrohr nITA tubo m d'arrivo (del vapore)PLN rura f wlotowaRUS труба f, впускнаясм. поз. 2245 натруба, выпускная
—FRA tuyau m d’échappement d’airDEU Auslaßrohr nENG air outletITA tubo m di scappamento dell'ariaPLN rura f wylotowaRUS труба f, выпускнаясм. поз. 720 наFRA tuyau m d’échappement du radiateurDEU Ausströmrohr nITA tubo m d'uscita (del vapore)PLN rura f wylotowaRUS труба f, выпускнаясм. поз. 2246 натруба, вытяжная
—FRA conduit m d’évacuation des gaz brûlésDEU Kaminstutzen mITA condotto m d'evacuazione dei gas bruciatiPLN rura f wylotowaRUS труба f, вытяжнаясм. поз. 2399 натруба, выхлопная
—FRA cheminée f d’évacuation des gaz brûlésITA scarico m dei gas bruciatiPLN komin m wylotowy spalinRUS труба f, выхлопнаясм. поз. 2472 натруба, коническая
—FRA tubulure f coniqueDEU Düse f, kegeligeENG conical pipeITA condotto m conicoPLN stożek mRUS труба f, коническаясм. поз. 2523 натруба, направляющая
—FRA gaine f de câble de manœuvreDEU Führungsrohr nENG window-cord tubeITA guaina f del cavo di manovraPLN rurka f prowadnaRUS труба f, направляющаясм. поз. 1341 натруба, ребристая
—FRA tube m à ailettesDEU Rippenrohr nENG finned tubeITA tubo m alettatóPLN rura f użebrowanaRUS труба f, ребристаясм. поз. 2238 на,
труба, сигнальная
—FRA tuyau m de trop-plein du collecteurDEU Überlauf mITA tubo m di scarico del troppo-pienoPLN rura f przelewowaRUS труба f, сигнальнаясм. поз. 2365 натруба, сифонная
—FRA tuyau m de vidange par pressionDEU Steigrohr nENG discharge pipeITA tubo m di scarico a pressionePLN rura f do opróżniania górąRUS труба f, сифоннаясм. поз. 1665 наFRA tuyau-siphon mDEU Steigrohr nENG trap pipeITA tubo-sifone mPLN rura f przelewowaRUS труба f, сифоннаясм. поз. 1934 натруба, спускная
—FRA conduit m d’évacuationDEU Abflußrohr nENG drain pipeITA tubo m di evacuazionePLN rura f ściekowaRUS труба f, спускнаясм. поз. 1583 натруба, спускная умывальника
—FRA tuyau m d’écoulementDEU Abflußrohr nENG discharge pipeITA tubo m di scaricoPLN rura f odpływowaRUS труба f, спускная умывальникасм. поз. 1930 натруба, фановая, верхняя часть
—FRA tuyau m de descente de cabinet (supérieur)DEU Abortfallrohr n, Oberteil nITA tubo m di scarico della ritirata (superiore)PLN rura f odpływowa — część górnaRUS труба f, фановая, верхняя частьсм. поз. 1925 на -
8 труба
ж. pipe; piping; tube; tubingжаровая труба — flue tube; flame tube
отсасывающая труба — draught tube; draft tube
спускная труба — discharge pipe; blow-off pipe
циркуляционная труба — circulating pipe; downcomer
-
9 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
См. также в других словарях:
Steam locomotive — A steam locomotive is a locomotive powered by steam. The term usually refers to its use on railways, but can also refer to a road locomotive such as a traction engine or steamroller.Steam locomotives dominated rail traction from the mid 19th… … Wikipedia
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution — See also the section on steam power in the main Industrial Revolution article During the Industrial Revolution, steam power replaced water power and muscle power (which often came from horses) as the primary source of power in use in industry.… … Wikipedia
Waste pipe — Waste Waste, a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. w[ u]st, OS. w?sti, D. woest, AS. w[=e]ste. Cf. {Vast}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Waste steam — Waste Waste, a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. w[ u]st, OS. w?sti, D. woest, AS. w[=e]ste. Cf. {Vast}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
пароотводяшая труба — Труба, соединяющая верхний коллектор экрана с барабаном котла, либо паровые отсеки барабана с входным коллектором пароперегревателя [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.] Тематики энергетика в целом EN steam outlet pipe … Справочник технического переводчика
пароотводящая труба — — [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.] Тематики электротехника, основные понятия EN steam outlet pipe … Справочник технического переводчика
Waste — Waste, a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. w[ u]st, OS. w?sti, D. woest, AS. w[=e]ste. Cf. {Vast}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary; dismal;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Waste gate — Waste Waste, a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. w[ u]st, OS. w?sti, D. woest, AS. w[=e]ste. Cf. {Vast}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Waste paper — Waste Waste, a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. w[ u]st, OS. w?sti, D. woest, AS. w[=e]ste. Cf. {Vast}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Waste trap — Waste Waste, a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. w[ u]st, OS. w?sti, D. woest, AS. w[=e]ste. Cf. {Vast}.] [1913 Webster] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Auburn system — [ Auburn Prison ] The Auburn system (also known as the New York System) is a penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The … Wikipedia